Since we have left the made up “holy day” of Christmas and are entering into another season of legalist attacks against the liberty won by Christ in the form of the “Lenten” season it is worth remembering that Presbyterians have traditionally (and in my opinion biblically) not adopted man-made holy days and instead have seen the Sabbath Day as the only day set aside by Our Lord for His Worship (keeping Deut 12:32 always in mind). This excerpt below is from a work written by David Calderwood discussing the various reasons often given in defense of “holy days”.
2. It is the privilege of God’s power to appoint a day of rest, and to sanctify it to his honor, as our best divines maintain (Perkins, Gal. 4; Willet, Synopsis, page 501, and Romans 14 controversy 4; Kuchlein in catechis. Holland de diebus festis.). Zanchius (In 4 pr‘cept col. 655) affirms that it is proper to God to choose any person or any thing to consecrate and sanctify it to himself, as it belongs to him alone to justify. Catechismus Hollandieus says no wise man will deny that this sanctification belongs only to God, and that it is manifest sacrilege to attribute these things to men, which are only of divine ordination. Willet says, It belongs only to the Creator to sanctify the creature. In the book of Ecclesiasticus (cap. 33: 7, 8) it is demanded, Why doth one day excel another, when as the light of every day of the year is of the Sun? It is answered, By the Knowledge of the Lord they were distinguished, and he altered seasons and feasts. Some of them hath he made high days, and hallowed them; Some of them he hath made ordinary days.
The common tenet of the divines was acknowledged by the pretended Bishop of Galloway in his sermon at the last Christmass. It may offend you, he said, that this is an holy day. I say there is no power either civil or ecclesiastical can make a holy day: no King, no Kirk: only the Lord that made the day, and distinguished it from the night: he hath sanctified the seventh day. The like was acknowledged by M. P. Galloway in his Christmas Sermons. If the special sanctification of a day to an holy use depends upon God’s commandment and institution, then neither King nor kirk representative may make a holy day.
The observers of days will say they count not their anniversary days holier than other days, but that they keep them only for order and policy, that the people may be assembled to religious exercises. ANSWER. The Papists will confess that one day is not holier than another in its own nature, no not the Lord’s Day: for then the Sabbath might not have been changed from the last to the first day of the week. But they affirm that one day is holier than another in respect of sacred mysteries whereof they carry the names, as Nativity, Passion, Ascension, etc. And so do we. The presence of the festivity puts a man in mind of the mystery, howbeit he have not occasion to be present in the holy assembly. We are commanded to observe them in all parts, as the Lord’s Day, both in public assemblies, and after the dissolving of the same. Yea it is left free to teach any part of God’s word on the Lord’s Day; but for solemnity of the festival, solemn texts must be chosen: Gospels, Epistles, Collect, Psalms must be framed for the particular service of these days, and so the mystical days of man’s appointment shall not only equal, but in solemnity surpass the moral sabbath appointed by the Lord. Does not Hooker say that the days of public memorials should be clothed with the outward robes of holiness. They allege for the warrant of anniversary festivities the ancients, who call them sacred and mystical days.
If they were instituted only for order and policy, that the people may assemble to religious exercises, wherefore is there but one day appointed between the Passion and Resurrection? Forty days between Resurrection and Ascension? Ten between the Ascension and Pentecost? Wherefore follow we the course of the moon, as Bonaventura alludes (Lib. 2. Dist. 4. num. 48.). Wherefore is there not a certain day of the month kept for Easter, as well as for the Nativity? Does not Bellarmine give this reason out of Augustine, that the day of the Nativity is celebrated only for memory, the other both for memory and for sacraments (De Cultis Sanctorum, Lib. 3 Cap. 12.) Ille celebratur solum ob memoriam, & ideo semper die 25. Decembris: at iste celebratur ob memoriam & sacramentum, & ideo variatur [The one is celebrated only on account of memory, and therefore always on the 25th of December, but the other is celebrated on account of memory and sacrament, and so it changes].
If the anniversary commemorations were like the weekly preachings, as the two forenamed preachers made the comparison, why is the husbandman forced to leave his plough at the one, and not at the other? Why has the one proper service and not the other? Why did not M. Galloway curse the people for absence from the one, as well as from the other? Why are the days of the one changeable, and not the other? To make solemn commemoration of Christ’s nativity upon any other day, than upon the putative day of his nativity, would be thought a great absurdity; such like of his Passion, Ascension, etc. And last, how could M. Galloway affirm that the evidence of God’s Spirit appeared in the Christmas Sermons that are extant, more lively than in any other sermons?…
…Against this argument is first alleged that the Apostle compares with the observation of days, Rom. 14: 5, 6. Answer. The Apostle bears with the infirmity of the weak Jews, who understood not the fulness of the Christian liberty. And the ceremonial law was as yet not buried. But the same Apostle reproves the Galatians who had attained to this liberty, and had once left off the observation of days. Next, the Judaical days had once that honor, as to be appointed by God himself; but the anniversary days appointed by men have not the like honor.
It is secondly objected that seeing the Lord’s Day was instituted in remembrance of Christ’s resurrection, the other notable acts of Christ ought likewise to be remembered with their several festivities. Answer. (1.) It follows not that because Christ did institute in remembrance of one benefit, therefore men may institute for other benefits. (2.) Christ’s resurrection was a benefit including the rest, as an accomplishment of the work of redemption, and answered anagogically [allegorically] to the common benefit of creation by the beginning of a new creation. (3.) We deny that the Lord’s Day was appointed to celebrate the memory only of Christ’s resurrection. For then the Lord’s resurrection, the proper subject of all Homilies, Sermons, Gospels, Epistles, Collects, Hymns and Psalms belonging to the Paschal service should be the proper subject of divine service every Lord’s Day. Then the Lord’s Day should be a festival day: and it were unlawful to fast on it. It was instituted for the remembrance of all his actions, and generally for his worship. Athanasius says (Homilia de semente.) In Sabatho convenimus ut Dominum Sabathi Iesum adoremus. We convene on the Sabbath that we may adore Jesus the Lord of the Sabbath. Augustine (De Verbis Apostol. Serm. 15.) says Domino ut hic dies ideirco dicitur, quia eo die Dominus resurrexit, vel ut ipso nomine doceret illus Domino consecratum esse debere. It is called the Lord’s Day because the Lord rose that day, or that the name might teach us that it ought to be consecrated to the Lord. It is called the Lord’s Day, either because the Lord did institute it, as the days of Purim are called Mordecai’s days, in the second of the Maccabees, and communion is called the Lord’s Supper; or else because it was instituted to the Lord’s honor and worship. The Jewish Sabbath was the Sabbath of the Lord our God. The Christian Sabbath is the Sabbath of Christ our Lord, God and man.